North Africa
By 6-5-m millennia BC. Oe. in the Nile valley formed agricultural crops (Tasiyskaya culture, Fayum culture Merimde), on the basis of which the 4 th millennium BC. Oe. arose Ancient Egypt. To the south of it, also on the Nile, under its influence formed Kermit Cushitic civilization, which traded in the 2 nd millennium BC. Oe. Nubian (public education Napata). Its ruins were formed Aloa, Mukurra, Nabataeans and others who were under the cultural and political influence of Ethiopia, Coptic Egypt and Byzantium.
In the north of the Ethiopian plateau under the influence of the South Arabian Sabaean kingdom arose Ethiopian civilization: in the V century BC. Oe. coming from South Arabia formed the Ethiopian kingdom, in II-XI centuries, Mr.. Oe. there Aksumite kingdom, on whose foundation the Christian Ethiopia (XII-XVI century). These centers of civilization were surrounded by pastoral tribes of Libyans, as well as the ancestors of modern Kushits and nilotoyazychnyh peoples.
On the Mediterranean coast of Africa in the XII-II century BC. Oe. flourishing Phoenician-Carthaginian civilization.
The development of horse breeding (appeared in the first century AD. E.), As well as camel and the oasis farming in the Sahara appeared shopping city Telgi, Debris, garam, emerged the Libyan letter.
The appearance of Europeans in Africa
The penetration of Europeans in Africa began in the XV-XVI centuries.; Greatest contribution to the development of the continent in the first stage made the Spanish and Portuguese after the Reconquista. By the end of XV century, the Portuguese effectively controlled the west coast of Africa and in the XVI century, launched an active slave trade. Behind them streamed into Africa almost all Western powers: the Dutch, Spain, Denmark, France, Britain and Germany.
The slave trade with Zanzibar gradually led to the colonization of East Africa, attempts to capture the Sahel, Morocco failed.
All of North Africa (except Morocco) to the beginning of XVII century became part of the Ottoman Empire. The final partition of Africa among European powers (1880) occurred during the colonial period, Africans forcibly imbued to industrial civilization.